 Hong Kong International Airport represents the largest single airfield installation of interlocking concrete pavements. Since most of the airport is on reclaimed land, anticipated settlement required that flexible asphalt pavement be used instead of rigid concrete for runways. Concrete pavers also provide a more fuel-resistant surface than asphalt.
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 The indivual units of interlocking concrete pavements support the concept of a "zipper" which can be undone and then redone in a simple manner. Since the pavers are interlocked and not permanently attached to one another, it is possible to remove several individual units and simply replace them once a repair is made. The final result is undetectable and inexpensive. It is an immediate response to the need to gain access to the surface below or for the repair of damaged areas of the surface.
Portion of Harfmann/Day publication - Other advantages include: Design Variety, Safety, Environmental Impact, and Cost.  The surface provided by precast concrete pavers is a naturally safe surface for both vehicular and pedestrian traffic usage. The variety in pattern and color can also define different zones of use that might separate vehicular traffic from pedestrian traffic.
Portion of Harfmann/Day publication - Other advantages include: Design Variety, Zip and Unzip, Environmental Impact, and Cost.  The variety in shape, size and color of segemental precast concrete pavers results in many design opportunities. The units by default result in a visually stimulating surface that can vary in scale, colors, patterns and can be combined in various ways in order to emphasize or mark certain aspects of a design.
Portion of Harfmann/Day publication - Other advantages include: Environmental Impact, Safety, Zip and Unzip, and Cost.  This lesson introduces and then tests the viewer on the variables that must be considered when using segmental pavements to support pedestrian and vehicular loads on municipal streets. According to the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the following four variables are critical to consider:
 An ESAL is a standard unit that is used to measure the amount of damage vehicles inflict on a surface. 1 ESAL = the impact from a single 18,000-lb axle load. The damage to a pavement caused by one pass of a large tractor-trailer in exponentially greater than that caused by a two door sedan.
It takes roughly 20,000 passes of the sedan to cause the same amount of same amount of damage as one pass of a tractor-trailer. In these scenarios, the design ESALs will be predetermined. This is usually based on the expected traffic mix. Reference ASCE and ICPI Tech Spec 4 to calculate the appropriate ESAL rating to a design.  Remember that when choosing a paver it is always important to consider the surrounding environment. Pavers that are a few shades lighter than any building or house on the property won't compete for attention. Brick-colored pavers add a warmth to wood or stone buildings, and gray-toned pavers are often paired with brick buildings to minimize over matching. Monotony of color can be broken up by using a blended-paver or combining two types of pavers. Whatever design effect is desired it can potentially be achieved through the use of paver color.
 Dimensional tolerances are important on a paver’s structural efficiency. Rectangular and shaped blocks need to be designed to include their surrounding space; and their length to width ratio depends upon the final laying pattern. To optimize the block surfacing structural efficiency then every block must be specified and controlled within strict tolerances.
 Embodied Energy: "Comprises the energy consumed during the extraction and processing of raw materials, transportation of the original raw materials, manufacturing of building materials and components and energy use for various processes during the construction and demolition of the building."
 Manufacturers of ICP are usually within a 500 mile radius of the site which can reduce the environmental costs of transportation.
Molds and pigments vary by region and factory. Local sourcing allows for the use of aggregates from local sources.  This video demonstrates the flexing properties of interlocking concrete pavers. This flexing pattern allows for weight and pressure to be distributed evenly over the pavers, which as a result provides for a higher PSI (Pounds per Square Inch) and a material that is more durable than Asphalt or Poured Concrete. Interlocking pavers are proving to be a huge money saver with very little maintenance costs. The strength and durability of ICP can be seen in shipping ports, airports and other high density/heavy load areas.
 The successful transferal of any vertical load through a segmental paved area requires the incorporation of three principles. These principles must be utilized when installing open grid as well as solid interlocking pavers. It is also important to note that all three principles are equally important. 3 Principles of Vertical Load Transfer
A Guide for Design Integration of Concrete Pavers, Anton C. Harfmann, AIA; Gary E. Day, RA.
 Vertical loads are transferred through an assembly of units through the development shear between the units. When the units are placed next to each other in a tight arrangement, friction between the units is developed thereby mobilizing a large portion of the paved plane for load resistance. In order to develop the friction which develops the shear, the units must be continuous and contiguous within an arrangement.
 In order to develop the friction between neighboring units, the units within a paved surface must be restrained from drifting away from one another. This is accomplished through the use of edge restraints that keep the pavers in a contiguous arrangement. It is ideal to have all of the edges of a paved surface restrained as this will result in load transferring in more than a single direction.
 The preparation of the base is the final element in the successful load carrying capacity of concrete pavers. Although this is not a visible “design” element it is an important general principle that must be considered during initial conceptual design phases. The previous two principles deal primarily with the surface layer which is the top layer of the five total. The remaining four exist below the surface of the pavers.
 The Principle of Interlock: Interlock is the inability of a paver to move independently from its neighbors. It is critical to the structural performance of interlocking concrete pavement. When considering design and construction, three types of interlock must be achieved: vertical, rotational, and horizontal interlock. These are illustrated in Figure 1.  Learn about the materials that go into making a paver and how locally sourced materials can require less energy to manufacture.
 This PDF is an overview of the basic ideas of interlocking pavements. This document is intended to ground the rest of the lessons on the history of interlocking pavement.
 This article retrieved from Concrete Pavers Guide
The first reason that concrete pavers – and any paver that interlocks – has to do with the material that they are constructed from. Concrete pavers are rated multiple times stronger than poured concrete. This is due in part to the way the pavers are formed, but it’s also due to the ‘interlocking nature’ of the material.  One of John Knapton’s interests is paving systems and this page explains how recent developments in paving are in effect an evolution of Roman road construction. View the web entry here.
 This presentation will focus on current trends in the world of interlocking concrete pavements (ICPs). Topics of discussion include: What are concrete pavers, What are interlocking concrete pavers (ICPs), Types of ICPs, Permeable vs. Non-Permeable, Benefits of using ICPs, Aesthetic Benefits, Cost, Project Example. View the pdf using the interactive viewer below or download the file for your own use. Once your learning/review is complete, take the quiz to test your knowledge.
 It is the goal of this guide to improve the design of the paved plane of the built environment by expanding the level of knowledge about concrete pavers. This will be accomplished through the organizing of information and support material for both the instructor and the students.
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